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The time change: what it does to our body and how to adapt

Paul Cézanne still life with a black clock
Image: Paul Cézanne, La Pendule noire / Wikimedia Commons, public domain.

Twice a year, the clocks change by one hour. They go forward in March and back in October. It may seem like a small adjustment, but it can affect sleep and the way we organise our day.

Why do we change the clocks?

Daylight saving time was introduced to redistribute daylight and reduce energy use. A review of studies found a small average saving in electricity, although results vary by place and circumstances.[1] The question of what this arrangement means for sleep, health and daily life has since become more important.

One distinction matters: changing the clocks does not make the day shorter or longer. The amount of natural light changes with the seasons; the clock changes when that light falls within our routines. When the clocks go back in October, sunrise and sunset occur about an hour earlier by civil time.

What happens in our body

Our biological clock helps regulate sleep and wakefulness and is guided partly by the light we receive. A clock change suddenly shifts social schedules in relation to natural light. Some people notice sleepiness, irritability or difficulty falling asleep while they adjust; others barely notice a difference.

The two changes are not the same. In March, moving the clocks forward removes an hour from the night of the transition and can make waking at the usual time harder. In October, we gain an hour on the clock, but that does not mean everyone sleeps longer or better. In a study using sleep records from adults in the UK, average sleep was longer on the Sunday of the autumn change; across the research, effects are more consistent for the spring transition.[2][3]

For some health outcomes, including heart problems, studies have identified a small increase in risk after the March change. For others, the evidence is less clear or conflicting. We should not assume that the same risk applies to both transitions, or that one unusual night necessarily causes a health problem.[4]

Autumn, light and mood

After the October change, people who spend the day at school or work may have fewer chances to enjoy daylight in the late afternoon. The clock has not taken away an hour of sunlight, but it has changed when we can use it.

There is no single answer about the effect of the clock change on mood. A Danish study found more hospital contacts for depression in the weeks after the autumn transition. A more recent English study, however, found fewer depression records in healthcare during the first week. The studies examine different settings and services; taken together, they do not show that putting the clocks back causes depression across the population.[5][6]

Depression with a seasonal pattern is a separate question: episodes return at particular times of year. Light and biological rhythms may play an important part, but this is not an automatic consequence of changing the clocks. Feeling tired or less motivated on a dark day is not, by itself, depression. A Portuguese study of students found seasonal sensitivity, but its sample cannot tell us how many people in Portugal experience seasonal depression.[7][8]

Should the clock change be abolished?

The Portuguese Sleep Association supports ending the twice-yearly changes and, if a fixed time is chosen, favours standard time, often called “winter time”. Its main argument is better alignment between social schedules and morning light, which helps set the biological clock.[9]

That does not make the choice simple for everyone. Keeping daylight saving time through winter would provide more evening light by the clock but delay sunrise, making the start of the day darker. Keeping standard time would preserve brighter mornings at the cost of darker evenings. Any decision involves health, school, work and daily habits; existing studies do not point to a uniform outcome for every region or person.[4]

How to ease the adjustment

While the changes continue, a few measures may make the transition more comfortable:

  • Protect your sleep time: especially before the March change, try not to approach it already short of sleep. If you usually feel the shift, move your bedtime and waking time gradually in the preceding days.
  • Seek natural light: if possible, go outside in the morning to give your body a cue that the day has begun. In autumn and winter, make use of daylight at other times too.
  • Keep a fairly regular routine: consistent sleep and meal times can make adjustment easier.
  • Reduce bright light before bed: a calmer, darker environment can help prepare you for sleep.

In summary: a clock change may disturb sleep for a few days; the gradual loss of natural light through autumn is a different process. Keeping the two apart helps us understand what we feel and decide what to do.

If sadness, tiredness or changes in sleep persist and interfere with daily life, it is worth seeking professional support. You do not have to blame everything on the season or the clock to take what you feel seriously.

Revised on 20 September 2026.

References

  1. Havranek, T., Herman, D., & Irsova, Z. (2018). Does daylight saving save electricity? A meta-analysis. The Energy Journal, 39(2), 35–61.
  2. de Lange, M. A., et al. (2025). The effects of daylight saving time clock changes on accelerometer-measured sleep duration in the UK Biobank. Journal of Sleep Research, 34(3), e14335.
  3. Romigi, A., et al. (2025). The effects of daylight saving time and clock time transitions on sleep and sleepiness: a systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 84, 102161.
  4. Steponenaite, A., et al. (2026). A systematic review of epidemiological studies into daylight-saving time & health identifying beneficial & adverse effects. European Journal of Epidemiology, 41, 419–433.
  5. Hansen, B. T., Sønderskov, K. M., Hageman, I., Dinesen, P. T., & Østergaard, S. D. (2017). Daylight savings time transitions and the incidence rate of unipolar depressive episodes. Epidemiology, 28(3), 346–353.
  6. de Lange, M. A., et al. (2025). Acute effects of daylight saving time clock changes on mental and physical health in England: population based retrospective cohort study. BMJ, 391, e085962.
  7. National Institute of Mental Health. (2023). Seasonal affective disorder.
  8. Fonte, A., & Coutinho, B. (2021). Seasonal sensitivity and psychiatric morbidity: study about seasonal affective disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 21, 317.
  9. Associação Portuguesa de Sono. (2021). A mudança da hora. Position statement presented in 2020 and ratified in 2021.

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Wilson Ferreira Santos is a psychologist registered with the Portuguese Psychologists Association, professional licence no. 25219.

These texts sit alongside a clinical practice centred on a careful and humane reading of psychological experience.