Home
Psicologia
About FAQ Blog Contact Bookings
Back to notes and articles

Article

Psychology and Christmas: why this season affects us so deeply

A family gathered with several children on Christmas morning, in a painting by Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller
Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Christtagmorgen (Christmas Morning), 1844. Wikimedia Commons, public domain.

Christmas is often portrayed as a magical time, full of joy, family closeness, and perfect moments. Yet for many adults, the season also brings stress, sadness, tiredness, and a sense of mismatch between what they are expected to feel and what they actually feel. Both experiences can coexist: it is possible to enjoy Christmas and still feel overwhelmed by it.

In a 2023 US survey, 89% of adults identified at least one source of holiday stress, while 41% said they felt more stressed at this time of year than at other times. Money, choosing gifts, and missing family members were among the most common concerns. At the same time, most respondents also associated the season with positive feelings, which helps explain its bittersweet quality.[1]

The informal expression holiday blues is sometimes used to describe sadness, loneliness, anxiety, or irritability associated with this season. It is not a diagnosis, nor does it mean that mental health deteriorates across the board at Christmas. In a study using data from 11 European countries, including Portugal, life satisfaction and emotional wellbeing were slightly lower around Christmas, but the effect was small and the study design cannot establish that Christmas itself was the cause.[2]

When distress is intense, persists beyond the holidays, or interferes with sleep, work, relationships, or self-care, it should not be dismissed as merely seasonal.

The obligation to be happy

From an early age, we are exposed to the image of the "perfect Christmas": happy families, immaculate tables, gifts, lights, and constant joy. When our own experience does not match that picture, we may feel guilt, frustration, or a sense of falling short. Research across different countries has linked perceived social pressure to be happy and avoid negative emotions with poorer wellbeing, although it does not show that this pressure is the sole cause of such distress.[3]

This pressure can arise from a combination of factors:

  • high or unrealistic expectations;
  • social comparison, very prevalent on social media;
  • internal pressure to "feel the Christmas spirit".

It is important to remember: there is nothing wrong with not feeling constant joy during this season. Joy, longing, irritation, gratitude, and tiredness do not necessarily cancel one another out. Each person experiences Christmas in their own way — and not everyone celebrates it.

Social comparison: other people's Christmas always seems better

Social media can heighten feelings of inadequacy. Images of smiling families, decorated homes, and perfect tables may generate frustration, especially when we feel tired or vulnerable. This effect is neither inevitable nor the same for everyone, but it tends to be stronger when we use what we see as a measure of our own lives.

What appears online is only part of other people's experience — often the most polished part. Remembering that it is a selective picture does not eliminate comparison, but it can help put it into perspective.[4]

Why does Christmas affect us so deeply?

There are several psychological factors that make this time of year emotionally intense:

1. Emotional memory
Christmas activates memories. Some provide continuity and comfort; others are linked to loss, change, or difficult moments. Sometimes the same memory brings both affection and longing.

2. Disrupted routines
Food, sleep, travel, and daily rhythms may change, affecting mood and energy. The build-up of tasks and commitments can also make genuine rest difficult.

3. Social and sensory overload
Lights, constant music, shopping, queues, and successive gatherings can increase irritability and exhaustion. For some people, including those who are more sensitive to noise, light, or changes in routine, these demands can be particularly intense.

4. Cultural pressure
The idea that "this should be a happy time" can create a clash between what we expect to feel and what we actually feel. Pressure to spend, give, and take part in everything adds a financial and social dimension.

This intensity also has another side: meaning. In a small study of Christmas wellbeing, family closeness and spiritual experiences were more strongly associated with wellbeing than spending and receiving gifts.[5] Other studies suggest that shared rituals — whether religious or secular — can strengthen closeness and involvement, provided they are meaningful to those taking part.[6]

This does not mean that being with family is always protective, or that spending some time alone is necessarily negative. A gathering may bring connection, but it may also bring conflict or loneliness; chosen solitude can be restorative. What seems to matter is the quality and meaning of the experience, not simply the number of people around the table.

It is equally important not to turn money into a moral issue. Giving presents can be a genuine expression of affection. The problem arises when obligation, competition, or fear of disappointing others pushes someone towards spending they cannot afford. In two studies conducted in the United Kingdom and Norway, financial hardship was associated with a greater inclination to borrow, while more proactive money management was associated with a lower inclination to do so.[7]

These factors help explain why the season can be difficult, but they do not mean that Christmas affects everyone in the same way. A review of 25 studies found no increase in the use of psychiatric emergency services at Christmas; hospital admissions actually tended to be lower.[8] This does not mean that individual distress is absent: lower use of services cannot capture everything people experience at home, nor does it rule out delays in seeking help.

Accepting what we feel — without guilt

Making room for what we feel, without judging it or trying to drive it away immediately, can prevent us from adding a second layer of struggle to sadness, tiredness, or longing. Research links this emotional acceptance to less intense responses to stress and better psychological health over time.[9]

At Christmas, this means allowing yourself to:

  • feel sadness or longing;
  • acknowledge tiredness;
  • not force joy;
  • respect your own needs.

Acceptance does not mean liking everything, resigning yourself to it, or giving up on changing what you can. It means recognising the experience you are actually having, rather than spending energy pretending that it matches the idealised version.

What can make the season more manageable?

Christmas does not need to become a performance project. It may help to:

  • agree on a realistic budget and reduce the pressure associated with gifts;
  • choose which gatherings genuinely matter rather than trying to attend them all, and leave some time free of commitments;
  • protect sleep, breaks, and basic routines as far as possible;
  • keep, adapt, or let go of traditions according to your present circumstances, rather than following them solely out of obligation;
  • prepare in advance for moments that may stir grief, longing, or conflict, and decide whom you can turn to;
  • seek support when distress becomes difficult to manage alone.

Small boundaries do not take meaning away from the season. They often help preserve what truly matters about it.[10]

A moment for reflection

Christmas is emotionally complex: it can be beautiful and challenging at the same time. It is not inherently harmful to mental health, nor does it guarantee closeness and joy. Its impact depends on the balance between meaning, autonomy, connection, and rest on the one hand, and obligation, conflict, financial pressure, and overload on the other.

Feeling that impact is not a sign of weakness. Understanding what the season stirs in us can help us make more conscious choices and shape a celebration — or a choice not to celebrate — around what we actually need.

This article focuses on expectations, family relationships and the pressure to have a happy Christmas. Missing important people and feeling disconnected are explored further in Loneliness and longing at Christmas.

References

  1. American Psychological Association. (2023). Even a joyous holiday season can cause stress for most Americans.
  2. Mutz, M. (2016). Christmas and subjective well-being: A research note. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11, 1341–1356.
  3. Dejonckheere, E., Rhee, J. J., Baguma, P. K., et al. (2022). Perceiving societal pressure to be happy is linked to poor well-being, especially in happy nations. Scientific Reports, 12, 1514.
  4. Sousa, M. (2024). Montras da (im)perfeição: Natal, imagem pessoal e comparação social [Displays of (im)perfection: Christmas, personal image, and social comparison]. In Ordem dos Psicólogos Portugueses, Artigos de opinião 2024.
  5. Kasser, T., & Sheldon, K. M. (2002). What makes for a merry Christmas? Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(4), 313–329.
  6. Sezer, O., Norton, M. I., Gino, F., & Vohs, K. D. (2016). Family rituals improve the holidays. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 1(4), 509–526.
  7. McNair, S., Nyhus, E. K., & Ranyard, R. (2024). Propensity to spend and borrow at a time of high pressure: The role of the meaning of Christmas and other psychological factors. Frontiers in Behavioral Economics, 3, 1385609.
  8. Schneider, E., Liwinski, T., Imfeld, L., Lang, U. E., & Brühl, A. B. (2023). Who is afraid of Christmas? The effect of Christmas and Easter holidays on psychiatric hospitalizations and emergencies: Systematic review and single center experience from 2012 to 2021. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 1049935.
  9. Ford, B. Q., Lam, P., John, O. P., & Mauss, I. B. (2018). The psychological health benefits of accepting negative emotions and thoughts: Laboratory, diary, and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(6), 1075–1092.
  10. Ordem dos Psicólogos Portugueses. (n.d.). Natal & saúde psicológica [Christmas and psychological health].

Revised on 26 September 2026.

Related articles

Continue reading about nearby themes:

Wilson Ferreira Santos is a psychologist registered with the Portuguese Psychologists Association, professional licence no. 25219.

These texts sit alongside a clinical practice centred on a careful and humane reading of psychological experience.