Home
Psicologia
About FAQ Blog Contact Bookings
Back to notes and articles

Article

Mental health stigma: why it persists and how we can change it

Melancholy by Edvard Munch, showing a seated figure beside the sea
Image: Edvard Munch, Melancholy, 1893 / Munch Museum, Wikimedia Commons, public domain.

We talk more about mental health today, but talking about our own is not always any easier. We may join a conversation about anxiety and still hesitate to mention that we see a psychologist. We may recognise someone else's distress yet feel, when something similar happens to us, that we should be able to cope on our own. There can be a considerable distance between recognising the importance of mental health and accepting what it means in our own lives.

A 2023 profile published by the OECD and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies estimated that, in 2019, more than 2.25 million people in Portugal were living with a mental health condition: about 22% of the population, compared with an EU average of 16.7%.[1] The scale of the problem does not make stigma disappear. For many people, distress is compounded by having to deal with how others interpret it.

Why does stigma persist when we talk so much about mental health?

Talking more about something does not necessarily mean understanding it better. We can agree that depression deserves care and still lose patience with someone who has stopped replying to messages or cannot do what they had planned. Acceptance becomes more demanding when distress stops being an idea and begins to affect our relationship with a person.

Nor do we view all mental health problems in the same way. A US study tracking attitudes between 1996 and 2018 found greater willingness to have social contact with people with depression, but the same improvement was not seen for schizophrenia or alcohol dependence. Openness can grow towards some experiences while others continue to provoke fear and distance.[2]

In Portugal, a study published in 2022 using data from the national mental health survey found more perceived stigma among people with anxiety or mood disorders than among those without these conditions. The data concern Portuguese-speaking adults living in mainland Portugal and their reported experiences; they do not measure attitudes across the whole population.[3]

Prejudice can therefore coexist with apparently informed views. Knowing the name of a condition does not prevent us from making assumptions about the character, competence or judgement of someone living with it.

When a diagnosis comes to define the person

Stigma does not always take the form of an insult. It can emerge when someone's opinion is no longer taken seriously after their diagnosis becomes known, or when a past difficulty becomes a reason to distrust everything they do. We stop looking at a particular situation and begin to interpret the whole person through it.

This is more than a matter of an unpleasant word. Stigma involves attaching negative characteristics to a label and can lead to loss of standing, exclusion or discrimination. At work, in relationships or in the services they use, someone may be treated as less capable without anyone trying to understand what they can do or what support they need.[4]

Saying that someone has a mental health problem is therefore different from allowing that problem to become the only thing we see in them. A diagnosis can help us understand an experience; it is no substitute for getting to know the person.

When judgement turns inwards

Sometimes, the ideas circulating around us find their way into how we speak to ourselves. "If I were stronger, I wouldn't feel like this." "Nobody will trust me." "Why try if I won't manage it?" The person is not simply facing a difficulty: they begin to judge their own worth through it.

This internalisation of prejudice is known as self-stigma. When it happens, it can undermine confidence and lead people to give up goals or opportunities they would otherwise like to pursue. The constraint no longer comes only from outside; the person may begin to anticipate it themselves.[5]

Something similar can happen when seeking help. Before making an appointment, some people worry about someone finding out or about what seeking support seems to say about them. Alongside costs and difficulties accessing care, fear of disclosing the problem can make taking that step harder.[6]

What can help bring about change?

Learning more matters, but offering an explanation or correcting a term does not necessarily change the way we respond to someone. We also need to be willing to listen to an experience that may not make sense at first, without dismissing it as a lack of willpower or an overreaction.

Contact with people who live or have lived with mental health problems is one of the most widely studied approaches to reducing stigma. A recent meta-analysis found improvements in attitudes following interventions that encouraged this contact: hearing about lived experiences can help challenge assumptions and allow us to see beyond a diagnosis.[7]

One practical step is to say “person with schizophrenia” rather than use a diagnosis to define someone. It is also important to respect how the person prefers to be described. Evidence that this wording change alone reduces stigma is limited and inconsistent; respect must also be reflected in how we listen to and treat people.[8]

In everyday life, that willingness can begin with a simple question: "What would be helpful for you right now?" The answer might be company, help with a task or simply room to talk. Offering support does not require a ready-made solution. It also means accepting that what the person needs may be different from what we imagined.

Speaking about it should remain a choice

Valuing conversations about mental health does not mean that everyone should tell their story. Some settings are safer than others, relationships involve different levels of trust, and possible consequences deserve consideration.

Deciding whom to tell, when and how much is part of each person's autonomy. Programmes studied internationally, such as Honest, Open, Proud, help people weigh up these choices according to their circumstances and preferences. This does not mean that the programme is available in Portugal. Keeping something private is not the same as feeling ashamed, and nobody has to disclose their experience to prove that they accept it.[9]

A responsibility that goes beyond the individual

Challenging stigma also takes more than asking for understanding in personal relationships. Workplaces, schools and health services have a responsibility for how they respond to difficulties and ensure fair access to opportunities. A friendly attitude does not make up for rules or practices that exclude people.[10]

Change begins when a mental health problem stops being treated as a character flaw or an explanation for everything. We can take distress seriously without reducing a person to it. And we can offer support without expecting someone, on top of everything they are going through, to justify why they deserve to be heard.

Revised on 6 October 2026.

References

  1. OECD/European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies (2023). Portugal: Country Health Profile 2023. OECD Publishing.
  2. Pescosolido, B. A., Halpern-Manners, A., Luo, L., & Perry, B. (2021). Trends in Public Stigma of Mental Illness in the US, 1996-2018. JAMA Network Open, 4(12), e2140202.
  3. Antunes, A., Silva, M., Azeredo-Lopes, S., Cardoso, G., & Caldas-de-Almeida, J. M. (2022). Perceived stigma and discrimination among persons with mood and anxiety disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health Survey Portugal. European Journal of Psychiatry, 36(4), 280-287.
  4. Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing Stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363-385.
  5. Corrigan, P. W., Larson, J. E., & Rüsch, N. (2009). Self-stigma and the “why try” effect: impact on life goals and evidence-based practices. World Psychiatry, 8(2), 75-81.
  6. Clement, S., et al. (2015). What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychological Medicine, 45(1), 11-27.
  7. Maunder, R. D., Atorkey, P., Chapman, A., du Plooy, D. R., Jayant, N., & Sipes, J. (2026). Key components of effective contact interventions for reducing public mental health stigma: An updated meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 126, 102741.
  8. Jones, D. R., & Sasson, N. J. (2023). A mixed method comparison of stigma toward autism and schizophrenia and effects of person-first versus identity-first language. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1263525.
  9. Rüsch, N., Schulz, C., Weisshap, C., et al. (2026). Real-World Effectiveness of the Peer-Led Honest, Open, Proud Programme for Self-Stigma Among Adults With Mental Illness: A Pragmatic, Multicentre, Randomised Controlled Trial. The Lancet Regional Health – Europe, 67, 101751.
  10. Thornicroft, G., Sunkel, C., Aliev, A. A., et al. (2022). The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health. The Lancet, 400, 1438-1480.

Related articles

Continue reading about nearby themes:

Wilson Ferreira Santos is a psychologist registered with the Portuguese Psychologists Association, professional licence no. 25219.

These texts sit alongside a clinical practice centred on a careful and humane reading of psychological experience.

When asking for help also brings shame

If the fear of being judged has made it hard to talk about what you feel, therapy can be a place to begin without having to justify everything first.