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Making friends as an adult: why it can be hard and what may help

A group talks around a table on a terrace in Renoir’s painting.
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Luncheon of the Boating Party (1880–1881). The Phillips Collection, Washington, DC / Wikimedia Commons, public domain.

There are people we chat to at work, others we see at the gym, and others we exchange messages with. Yet when we feel like making plans or need to talk about a difficult day, we do not always know whom to turn to. We can know plenty of people and still miss having friends.

At school, spending time together often happened without having to arrange it. We saw the same people almost every day, in lessons, at break time and during group work. In adulthood, getting together tends to take more planning. Between work, caring for family and tiredness, a pleasant conversation may go no further.

This does not mean we have lost the ability to make friends. Often, what has changed most is the circumstances in which a friendship can begin and grow.

Why can making friends feel harder in adulthood?

Our relationships change throughout life. A review of 277 studies found that friendship networks became smaller, on average, across adulthood, with changes associated with events such as starting work or becoming a parent. A smaller network does not, however, mean losing the ability to make new friends, and not everyone follows the same path.[1]

Moving to a new city can take us away from people we used to see easily. A new job brings contacts, but not always time to get to know colleagues better. Having children can bring us closer to other parents while leaving less time for old friends. Some relationships last; others fade or begin to find a place in our lives.

In Portugal, an Iscte report published in 2025, using data collected in 2024, found that 40% of its 1,000 participants said they had made a new friend in the previous year. The online survey involved people aged 18 to 64 and aimed to reflect the characteristics of the internet-using population in that age range. The report was not peer-reviewed, and the findings do not cover every age or circumstance. Even so, they show that new friendships do begin in adult life.[2]

Not everything depends on motivation. Money, transport, working hours and caring responsibilities affect our opportunities to spend time with others. In a study of retail workers in the United States, unpredictable schedules were associated with fewer workplace relationships. Simply recommending that people "get out more" leaves out an important part of the problem.[3]

Meeting people is not the same as building a friendship

An activity can make a first conversation easier. It does not guarantee that someone will become a friend. We can attend a course for months, chat politely and still feel close to no one.

Jeffrey Hall's research, involving adults who had moved home and students starting university, linked time spent together, particularly in leisure activities, with greater closeness in friendships. The estimates of hours from these studies are not a deadline to meet. Spending time with someone may help a friendship develop, but we also seek out people we already feel closer to.[4]

Encounters gain continuity when we pick up a conversation, remember something the other person told us or suggest meeting again. Gradually, there may be room to talk about things beyond whatever first brought us together.

This does not require sharing confidences or taking every relationship beyond its original setting. A work friend may remain mainly a work friend. Some friendships consist of light conversation, a shared activity or the pleasure of being together. They do not have to become intimate to matter.

The uncertainty of first encounters

When we meet someone we like, we do not always know whether the feeling is mutual. We may worry about seeming pushy, read a pause as disinterest or leave a conversation replaying what we said.

Across a series of studies of people getting to know each other, participants tended, on average, to underestimate how much their conversation partners had liked them and enjoyed their company. This is no guarantee that the other person wants a friendship. But it suggests that we may leave a conversation with a more negative impression than they did.[5]

A simple invitation can tell us more than continuing to guess: "I enjoyed talking to you. Shall we get a coffee sometime?" We do not need to know what the relationship might become before suggesting another meeting.

The other person may not have the time or inclination. Not every connection develops, and a declined invitation is not a judgement of our worth or of what other relationships might become.

What may help in practice?

Choose settings you can return to. A regular activity, a local group or somewhere already part of your routine may make it easier to meet the same people again. The best setting is not necessarily the most interesting on paper, but one you can realistically attend.

Follow up on a conversation. Meeting more people is not always necessary. Sometimes it is worth getting back in touch with someone you already connected with: asking how something you discussed went, or sending a message about a shared interest.

Make simple, specific suggestions. Coffee after an activity, a short walk or lunch near work may be easier to arrange than an elaborate plan. "We must get together sometime" can remain an intention; suggesting an occasion gives it a chance to happen.

Find ways of spending time together that fit your life now. Not everyone can set aside an evening each week or pay for a new activity. Time together might fit into a break, a familiar walk or a conversation from a distance. What is possible need not be an inferior version of an ideal social life.

These are suggestions informed by research, not a tested programme for making friends. They can help us look for opportunities, but a relationship also involves another person's preferences and circumstances.

What if I am always the one making the effort?

Suggesting more meetings does not necessarily mean caring more about the friendship. Some people organise easily; others join in enthusiastically but rarely initiate plans. Still, feeling that all the effort falls on one side can be tiring.

Satisfaction with a friendship also relates to what each person expects from it. A study using daily records of interactions found associations between expectations, their fulfilment and satisfaction. Another, involving 212 pairs of young adult friends, linked gaps between desired and received support with relationship quality, in ways that differed by the type of support. These studies concern existing friendships, not a measure of who cares more. Nor do they show that the answer is to expect less of friends.[6] [7]

Looking at the whole relationship may be more useful than counting messages: when you are together, is there attention? Does the person show interest? When they cannot accept an invitation, do they look for another opportunity? Is there room for both people's needs?

In an established friendship, saying "I've missed spending time together" may clarify more than waiting for the other person to guess. Understanding someone's lack of availability does not, however, mean having to accept a relationship in which you consistently feel alone. It is also legitimate to invest in other connections, without turning every instance of drifting apart into an accusation.

You do not need a large group

We may miss company for activities, someone to confide in or a group to belong to. These are different needs. Understanding which matters most can help us seek something more specific than simply "more friends".

There is no single right rhythm, either. Some people are comfortable with occasional contact; others need a more regular presence. Enjoying time alone does not rule out wanting company. And loneliness is not simply about how many people surround us: in the Portuguese report, more participants reported frequent loneliness than having no friends.[2]

When fear of rejection, sadness or isolation persistently makes it difficult to approach others, psychological support can help us understand what is happening and find ways to address those difficulties. It cannot replace time with others, but it may help make that time more accessible.

Making friends as an adult may require taking an initiative that circumstances once took care of. Not every invitation will be accepted; not every relationship will deepen. Yet there is no need to find a large group or a close friendship immediately. Sometimes, the beginning is another conversation with someone whose company we enjoy.

References

  1. Wrzus, C., Hänel, M., Wagner, J., & Neyer, F. J. (2013). Social network changes and life events across the life span: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 53–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028601
  2. Lima, M. L., Camilo, C., Rodrigues, D., & Romão, Â. (2025). A Amizade em Portugal: Como é? O que mudou? Relatório 2: Relatório final. CIS-Iscte. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/36940
  3. Shepherd, H. (2024). Organizational practices and workplace relationships in precarious work: New survey evidence. Social Networks, 77, 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2021.10.003
  4. Hall, J. A. (2019). How many hours does it take to make a friend? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(4), 1278–1296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518761225
  5. Boothby, E. J., Cooney, G., Sandstrom, G. M., & Clark, M. S. (2018). The liking gap in conversations: Do people like us more than we think? Psychological Science, 29(11), 1742–1756. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618783714
  6. Hall, J. A., Larson, K. A., & Watts, A. (2011). Satisfying friendship maintenance expectations: The role of friendship standards and biological sex. Human Communication Research, 37(4), 529–552. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2011.01411.x
  7. Youngvorst, L. J., & Ruppel, E. K. (2025). Social support among emerging adult friends: Dyadic and longitudinal associations between support gaps and relational quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 42(7), 1629–1656. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075251330360

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Wilson Ferreira Santos is a psychologist registered with the Portuguese Psychologists Association, professional licence no. 25219.

These texts sit alongside a clinical practice centred on a careful and humane reading of psychological experience.