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Hanging up your boots: who are we when we stop doing what defined us?

A veteran reaps a wheat field, with his military jacket and canteen lying on the ground, in Winslow Homer’s painting.
Winslow Homer, The Veteran in a New Field (1865). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York / Wikimedia Commons, public domain.

Sport brings into focus a question that concerns more than athletes: how do we accept that we can no longer, or no longer want to, carry on as before? And, above all, who are we when we no longer occupy the place that defined us for so long?

This question comes up in discussions about the end of a footballer's career, but also as retirement approaches, when we change professions or when our health forces us to cut back on an activity. These are different situations: an athlete may end their career long before old age, and retiring does not mean losing our abilities. Even so, these changes can affect something beyond our routine: our sense of who we are.

From the outside, hanging up your boots can look like a straightforward decision. From within, it may mean saying goodbye to a routine, stepping away from what we did best or learning to live without the role through which others knew us.

When a role becomes part of us

A profession can take up much more than our working hours. It structures our days, brings us closer to other people, gives us goals and helps us feel needed. When we say "I am a teacher", "I am a doctor" or "I am an athlete", we are often saying something about our life story, not simply describing what we are paid to do.

Research on meaning in retirement helps us understand this connection. How we experience the change also depends on what work meant to us and what continues to give meaning to our days. There is no single psychological experience of retirement. [1]

Being deeply attached to what we do is not a flaw. Change can become harder when that role is almost our only answer to the question "who am I?" In a study of former elite athletes, difficulties with identity were associated with more negative experiences of the transition. The problem is not dedication itself, but the difficulty of recognising other parts of life when that role ends. [2]

Can we speak of grief?

In a broad sense, we can speak of grief when we need to reorganise our lives after losing something important. Not only a person, but also a possibility, a place we occupied or a version of ourselves.

This is one way of understanding the experience, not a diagnosis or a compulsory stage of retirement. Some people feel a profound loss; others mainly feel relief. The two can also coexist: being glad to stop working does not prevent us from missing certain people or the feeling of being needed. In interviews with former athletes, accounts of loss coexisted with a positive view of life after their careers. [2]

Nor should we confuse sadness in response to change with depression. A review of longitudinal studies found a stronger association between depressive symptoms and involuntary retirement than with voluntary retirement or retirement under age-based rules. These differences remind us that leaving by choice and being required to leave are not the same experience. [3]

Acknowledging a loss does not turn change into a tragedy. It allows time for someone who is still saying goodbye to an important part of their life, without expecting immediate enthusiasm.

Facing who we used to be

Sometimes we compare ourselves not only with others, but with the person we once were: the one who ran faster, handled everything without getting tired or was called upon whenever there was a difficult problem.

In a study of adults aged 50 to 90, comparing oneself unfavourably with one's past self was associated with lower self-esteem. But participants did not perceive losses in everything: feeling less physically capable was more common than feeling less mentally capable or less able to cope with difficulties. The study does not establish which influences which, but it helps distinguish a specific difficulty from an assessment of the whole person. [4]

"I can no longer do this as I used to" is an observation. "I am no use to anyone anymore" is a much broader conclusion, which that observation does not establish.

Not every difficulty is permanent, and not every decline in performance means it is time to stop. Ageing does not follow a uniform timetable of incapacity either: people of the same age can have very different circumstances and abilities. [5]

Perhaps the more useful question is not "am I still as good as I once was?", but "what can I do now, under what conditions and at what cost?" Accepting change can begin with seeing it clearly, neither denying it nor turning it into a verdict on our worth.

Persist or change direction?

We learn to value persistence. And rightly so: many important things require us to keep going despite difficulties. But persistence is not always the right answer, just as giving up is not always a sign of maturity.

A meta-analysis of goal adjustment distinguishes two processes: withdrawing effort from a goal and finding other goals to pursue. The ability to step away from unattainable goals was associated with less distress; engaging with new goals was also related to greater well-being. The evidence, rated as low to moderate in quality, does not allow us to promise that changing goals will make us feel better. It does show, however, that persistence is not the only capacity that matters. [6]

Changing direction does not always mean abandoning an activity. It may mean slowing down, changing responsibilities or preserving what matters to us through a different way of taking part. We do not have to choose only between carrying on exactly as before and giving everything up.

It also matters to understand what keeps us going. In a study of athletes, striving to meet high standards was associated with more favourable mental health indicators, whereas concern about mistakes and negative evaluations was related to greater distress. Although it did not investigate retirement, the study helps distinguish ambition from the harshness with which we judge ourselves. [7]

We may want to continue because we deeply enjoy what we do. We may also continue because stopping feels like proof of failure. It is worth understanding the difference, even when both reasons coexist.

How others respond when we leave

Leaving a role is not only a personal change. It also changes our relationships with the people around us.

In the Australian study mentioned earlier, several former athletes described feeling expendable after their careers ended, with little contact or follow-up from their organisations. Support from teams was associated with fewer identity difficulties. Support from teams, friends and family was also related to fewer difficulties coping with other demands of life after sport. [2]

This dimension prevents us from reducing everything to "not knowing how to accept it". Leaving a role and feeling that we no longer matter are different things. We can accept someone else taking our place and still be hurt by the feeling that everything we did has been forgotten.

Acknowledging someone's contribution, discussing the handover of responsibilities and maintaining relationships beyond their immediate usefulness are ways of recognising that a person is more than their role. They do not require that role to continue indefinitely. The role can end without the person losing the respect and consideration they deserve.

A life that does not have to start from scratch

Retirement is often described as an opportunity for "reinvention". For some people, that word makes sense. For others, it adds pressure: after a lifetime of work, it seems they must now present an extraordinary new version of themselves.

We do not need to erase the past to live differently. We can carry our interests, relationships and knowledge with us without having to keep doing everything as before. In a study that followed people through retirement, maintaining social group memberships was associated with better quality of life. The association does not establish causation, but it helps us understand the importance of relationships, beyond having a full diary. [8]

It would also be unfair to present adjustment as a matter of attitude. A meta-analysis of retirement adjustment identifies the relevance of health, financial circumstances and the conditions under which people leave work, among other factors. Not everyone has the same choices available to them. [9]

Taking up a new activity, sharing what we know or joining a community organisation can be meaningful. So can resting, nurturing friendships or making time again for old interests. A person's worth does not need to be proved all over again through productivity.

Making room for what comes next

Preparing for this change does not mean having the future completely worked out. It can begin with understanding what the activity gives us: income, structure, contact, recognition, pleasure or a reason to leave the house. Distinguishing these needs allows us to look for different ways of meeting them, rather than expecting one activity to replace everything.

For example, a teacher may miss teaching, conversations with colleagues or the rhythm that school gave to the week. These are different things to miss. Sharing knowledge may address the first; meeting people regularly, the second; establishing a routine, the third. None of these possibilities requires recreating an entire working life.

It may also help to talk about what will change, preserve relationships that matter and try other interests before the role ends. These possibilities should fit each person's circumstances and wishes, rather than become a list of obligations for a "good retirement".

When distress persists, limits everyday life or is accompanied by increasing isolation, seeking psychological support may be helpful. Not to learn how to give up, but to understand what has been lost, what remains and what possibilities still exist.

Hanging up your boots can be painful, especially when you have worn them for much of your life. But stopping what defined us does not erase our history or reduce us to what we can no longer do.

Perhaps accepting change means this: recognising that a part of our life has ended, without believing that our own story is over.

References

  1. Wood, R. E., and Pachana, N. A. (2025). The role of meaning in the retirement transition: scoping review. The Gerontologist, 65(6), gnaf076. Article.
  2. Brockett, C. L., Stansen, C., Bourke, M., Pascoe, M., Clements, M., and Parker, A. G. (2024). Factors that influence mental health and well-being of high-performance athletes from Olympic or Paralympic sport who have transitioned out of national-level or international-level sport: a mixed methods approach. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 10(2), e001991. Full text.
  3. Li, W., Ye, X., Zhu, D., and He, P. (2021). The longitudinal association between retirement and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology, 190(10), 2220–2230. Bibliographic record.
  4. Ferring, D., and Hoffmann, M. (2007). “Still the same and better off than others?”: social and temporal comparisons in old age. European Journal of Ageing, 4, 23–34. Full text.
  5. World Health Organization. Ageing and health. Fact sheet.
  6. Riddell, H., and colleagues. (2026; first published online in 2025). A meta-analytic review and conceptual model of the antecedents and outcomes of goal adjustment in response to striving difficulties. Nature Human Behaviour, 10, 317–332. Article.
  7. Turakka, S., White, R. G., Robazza, C., Keinonen, K., and Ruiz, M. C. (2026). Perfectionism and athletes’ mental health: the mediating role of self-compassion. Performance Enhancement & Health, 14(3), 100431. Article.
  8. Steffens, N. K., and colleagues. (2016). Social group memberships in retirement are associated with reduced risk of premature death: evidence from a longitudinal cohort study. BMJ Open, 6, e010164. Article.
  9. La Rue, C. J., Haslam, C., and Steffens, N. K. (2022). A meta-analysis of retirement adjustment predictors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 136, 103723. Article.

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Wilson Ferreira Santos is a psychologist registered with the Portuguese Psychologists Association, professional licence no. 25219.

These texts sit alongside a clinical practice centred on a careful and humane reading of psychological experience.